Revised 2024.02.01
↓ SOUTH ↓ | Milepost | Name | Function | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Richmond Terminal |
CFP1.7 ARN3.6 ARN3.3 |
AY AY West AY |
division point | END Richmond Terminal sub BEGIN North End sub Richmond audio feed |
ARN1.3 ARN0.7 |
Douglasdale Road Blue Shingle Rd |
signal o.h.h. |
intermediate signal between lanes of I-195; Blue Shingle Rd bridge removed, crew change point | |
James River |
ARN0.0 A0.0 |
James River | trestle | double track trestle over James River; top of the A-line |
A0.68 | Jahnke Rd | grade xing | ||
Track Track |
A1.0 | Meadow Bassett Av |
x-over grade xing |
double crossovers placed in service in 2018 |
3.0 |
A3.0 A3.08 |
Broad Rock Broad Rock Road |
DD grade xing |
defect detector, voice report on radio |
A3.3 | Broad Rock | signal | intermediate signal | |
A3.6 A3.87 A4.6 |
Hopkins Rd Terminal Av Warwick Rd |
o.h.h. grade xing o.h.h. |
Hopkins Road overhead highway Terminal Avenue Bells Road/VA161 overhead highway |
|
A5.52 | Walmsley Bl | grade xing | just north of switch to Clopton lead | |
Clopton |
A5.6 | FA tower | industry x-over |
Clopton lead; former ACL main line into Richmond |
A5.6 A5.6 |
FA tower Castlewood Rd |
x-over o.h.h. |
2nd crossover added for SEHSR in 2019 Cardwell Road overhead highway splits interlocking |
|
A6.3 A6.8 A7.1 |
Cogbill Rd Chippenham Pkwy Dundas Rd |
u.c. o.h.h. o.h.h. |
Cogbill Road undercrossing VA150 overhead highway Beulah Road overhead highway |
|
A8.1 | Quartermaster | signal | intermediate signal | |
A9.38 A10.01 A10.4 |
Kingsland Rd Thurston Rd VA288 |
grade xing grade xing o.h.h. |
Kingsland Road continues 1 mile east to Bellwood sub grade crossing | |
Bellwood |
A10.7 A10.74 |
Centralia Old Lane |
x-overs grade xing jct |
Jct Bellwood sub “The East Route” Old Lane bisects signals |
A11.03 | Centralia Rd | grade xing | Centralia Road grade crossing, Chester, VA | |
A12.7 | Chester | signal | intermediate signal | |
A12.8 A13.18 A13.37 |
VA10 Curtis St West St |
o.h.h. grade xing grade xing |
West Hundred Road overhead highway Curtis+West Street grade crossings, Chester, VA |
|
A15.0 | Walthall | x-overs | double crossovers |
|
Kempsville |
A15.6 | Kempsville | industry | Kempsville Building Materials |
A16.2 A16.5 |
US301 Ruffin Mill Rd |
o.h.h. o.h.h. |
Jeff Davis overhead highway VA746 overhead highway |
|
A17.2 | Wood's Edge Rd | grade xing | Wood's Edge Road grade crossing near Candlewood Suites backing up to tracks | |
17.4 |
A17.4 | Colonial Heights | DD | defect detector, voice report on radio |
A17.5 | Colonial Heights | signal | intermediate signal | |
A18.33 | Pine Forest Dr | grade xing | Pine Forest Drive grade crossing | |
A19.7 A20.0 |
Ellerslie Av The Boulevard |
o.h.h. u.c. |
Ellerslie Avenue overhead highway VA144/US301 undercrossing; historic Note 9 |
|
A20.7 | Branders Bridge Rd | grade xing | VA625 grade crossing | |
A20.8 | Petersburg | x-overs | double crossovers installed in 2019 as part of the SouthEast High Speed Rail corridor upgrades | |
A21.5 | Dupuy Rd | grade xing | VA625 grade crossing | |
A22.0 | Petersburg | station | Amtrak station, Ettrick; Woodpecker Road station | |
A22.2 | VA36 | o.h.h. | Chesterfield Avenue/River Road overhead highway | |
A22.9 | Totty St | grade xing | VSU Randolph Farm private grade crossing, inaccessible | |
Appomattox River |
A23.0
A23.3 |
Appomattox River trestle |
SEDT bridge NEDT |
SE double track bridge NE double track |
A23.6 A23.8 |
US460 Biz Farmer St |
u.c. u.c. |
Washington Street undercrossing Farmer Street undercrossing |
|
A24.5 A24.5 |
Bootlegger's Crossing Lincoln St |
signal grade xing |
historic: southbound intermediate signal jnof Lincoln Street, removed ~2011 | |
A24.8 A25.07 |
Halifax St Grimes Rd |
o.h.h. grade xing |
Halifax Street overhead highway | |
Track Track |
A25.3 | I-85 old BX Tower |
o.h.h. jct |
Interstate 85 overhead highway historic: old main line diverged to downtown Petersburg note 2 |
A25.36 | Defense Rd | u.c. | Defense Road undercrossing | |
Inland |
A25.5 | Inland Container | industry | Temple-Inland Container industrial lead |
to NS |
A25.85 | BX | jct x-over |
connection to NS Norfolk District for Amtrak to Norfolk, cut in (mostly) 2012.11.18 note 2 |
NS ← west (ex-N&W) east → |
A26.4 A26.62 |
Halifax Rd NS |
o.h.h. u.c. |
Halifax Road overhead highway Norfolk Southern (ex N&W) undercrossing |
Hot dog |
A26.65 | Hot Dog track | industry | BleachTech, Infra-Metals steel house; F778 works it |
NS 1 2 |
A26.7 | North Collier |
x-overs |
yard lead connection to NS Secoast interlocking |
Collier Hamburger |
A26.9 | Hamburger track | industry | Allied Crawford, Triad steel houses; Boar's Head no longer wants hamburger by rail |
French fry |
A27.2 A27.3 A27.8 |
French fry track Collier yard Flank Rd |
industry radio u.c. |
industry spur base station, AAR068 repeater Flank Road undercrossing |
SEHSR |
A28.9 | South Collier | yard jct |
Yard lead track #1 Future: Jct Norlina sub part of the SouthEast High Speed Rail corridor |
A29.2 A29.5 A29.9 |
Halifax Rd private private |
o.h.h. grade xing grade xing |
VA604 overhead highway zigs private farm grade crossings |
|
A30.1 | Reams | SEDT | former SE double track; new track #2 cut in 2016.11.19 Note 7 | |
A31.03 | VA607 | grade xing | VA607/Butler Branch Road crossing | |
A32.3 A32.41 |
Reams' Country Crossing VA606 |
signal grade xing |
intermediate signal VA606/Oak Grove Road/Reams Station Road grade crossing |
|
Power |
A33.6 A33.62 |
Power Plant VA605 |
industry grade xing |
spur to power substation immediately north of Ellington Road crossing |
33.7 |
A33.7 | Carson | DD | defect detector, high/wide, wheel impact |
A34.7 | Halifax Rd | o.h.h. | VA604 overhead highway zags | |
A34.9 | North Carson | signal | intermediate signal Carson audio feed |
|
A35.0 A35.1 A36.5 |
private private Woody's Rd |
grade xings | private farm grade crossings | |
Track Track |
A36.94 | VA604 | grade xing | Carson Road/VA703/Halifax Road/VA623/crossing |
A37.7 | Carson | NEDT | former NE track #2 | |
Carson |
A38.0 | Carson setout track | siding | Carson setout track |
A39.5 | private Rowanta Creek |
grade xing signal |
private grade crossing intermediate signal |
|
ASM |
A41.42 A41.8 |
VA602 Atlantic |
grade xing industry |
St. John's Church Road crossing Atlantic Strategic Minerals (former Iluka Resources) note 12 |
A42.3 | Stony Creek | SEDT | SE double track Winfield |
|
A42.65 A42.8 A42.9 |
N Halifax Rd private private |
grade xings | yet another Halifax Road/VA618 grade crossing, Stony Creek style | |
A43.23 | Flat Foot Rd | grade xing | Flatfoot Road/VA658 grade crossing, Stony Creek | |
A43.4 A43.5 |
VA40 Biz Stony Creek storage |
grade xing siding |
Lee Avenue/VA40 Business grade crossing Stony Creek storage track |
|
A43.65 | VA40 | o.h.h. | VA40 overhead highway | |
A44.9 | South Stony Creek | signal | intermediate signal | |
46.85 |
A46.46 A46.8 A46.85 |
Huske Road | grade xing signal DD |
VA648 grade crossing intermediate signal defect detector as of 2023.08.26 |
A46.87 | Hardaway Dr | grade xing | private grade crossing | |
A47.8 | private | grade xing | private crossing | |
A48.8 | Nottoway | signal | intermediate signal, Crowder | |
A48.88 | Green Church Rd | grade xing | VA645 grade crossing | |
A50.2 A51.0 |
private private |
grade xings | private grade crossings north of Jarratt | |
A51.1 | Jarratt | NEDT | NE double track, North Jarratt | |
A52.0 | private | grade xing | private grade crossing north of Jarratt | |
Jarratt |
A53.1 A53.2 A53.3 |
Jarratt spur | industry siding radio |
Georgia-Pacific Note 6 short storage track base station radio |
A53.38 A53.5 A53.59 |
Jarratt Avenue Downtown Jarratt Grigg Av |
grade xing signal grade xing |
VA139 intermediate signal; mini-paceage along Halifax Road |
|
A53.93 A54.4 A54.69 |
Mayes St private Ridge Rd |
grade xings | VA1102 private road VA397 |
|
Track Track |
A55.3 | private | grade xing | private road |
A55.5 | South Jarratt | signal | “triple nickel” intermediate signal | |
A55.7 A56.0 |
private private |
grade xings | private roads | |
A56.8 | I-95 | o.h.h. | Interstate 95 overhead highway, with exits to US301 all directions | |
A57.72 | VA609 | grade xing | Country Club Road grade crossing; mini-paceage down to US301 overpass | |
A57.9 | Fox | SEDT | SE double track Foxes, Otter Dam Creek |
|
58.2 |
A58.2 | Fox | DD | defect detector, voice report on radio |
A58.6 | US 301 | o.h.h. | U.S. 301 overhead highway | |
Wheeling |
A59.0 | Greeneville I.T. | industry | [DEAD] Wheeling Corrugated steel house |
plastic Toll |
A59.1 A59.7 |
Greeneville I.T. | industry | [DEAD] huge plastic pipe house Toll Brothers lumber yard |
A59.9 | North Emporia | industry signal |
Greeneville Industrial Park intermediate signal |
|
A61.4 A62.1 |
Crescent Rd US58 |
o.h.h. o.h.h. |
VA614 overhead highway U.S. 58 Bypass overhead highway |
|
A62.7 | NF&D | diamond | [DEAD] NS Norfolk, Franklin, & Danville RR diamond note 3 | |
Emporia |
A62.8 A63.0 |
Atlantic Av Emporia storage |
grade xing siding |
U.S. 58 Bidniss Route Emporia storage track, former interchange with NF&D RR |
A63.42 | Hicksford Av | grade xing | Hicksford Avenue grade crossing, featuring "No Left Turn" flashing grade crossing lamp at Spring Street | |
A64.9 | Emporia | NEDT | NE double track, South Emporia | |
Track Track |
A65.3 | VA657 | grade xing | Johnson Road crossover next to industry, northern extent of paceage; just south of I-95 exit 8 |
A67.8 | Trego | x-over | crossover 2-1 | |
A67.8 | Trego lead | jct siding |
north end Trego industrial lead; stub-end storage track off main #2 | |
Vulcan Trego |
A67.9 A68.2 |
Trego wye | wye | Trego wye to Vulcan Materials west of I-95, storage track |
A68.7 A68.7 A68.8 |
Skippers VA629 Trego lead |
radio grade xing industry |
dispatcher base station; Zion Church/Moore's Ferry Road, Good Earth Peanut Co.; south end Trego industrial lead | |
A70.1 | Skippers | signal | intermediate signal | |
A71.7 | Fountain's Creek | signal | intermediate signal, Dahlia | |
First |
A73.1 | Hahn | industry | First Response Rail Service; former Georgia-Pacific o.s.b. plant note 10 |
A73.4 | VA662 | grade xing border |
Forest Road to former G.P. plant; VA/NC state line, watch your speed northbound | |
A74.1 | Pleasant Hill | SEDT | SE double track | |
74.4 |
74.39 A74.4 |
Cornwallis Rd Pleasant Hill |
grade xing DD |
grade crossing defect detector as of 2023.08.04 |
A75.9 | Highway 301 | o.h.h. signal |
intermediate signal, U.S. 301 overpass, Grizzard | |
A76.9 A78.4 |
Macon Price Rd Stephenson Rd |
grade xing | Stephenson Road grade crossing just north of Gary signal | |
Track Track |
A78.5 | Gary | NEDT | north end double track Garysburg |
A79.0 | Walden | siding | [DEAD] Walden Way team track | |
A80.0 A80.4 |
Oak St NC46 |
siding grade xing |
Garysburg team track N.C. Highway 46, the street with no name |
|
A81.1 | Weldon Connection | x-over wye |
crossover 1-2 JCT Portsmouth sub Seaboard line to Suffolk, Chesapeake City, Norfolk |
|
A81.9 | North Weldon | SEDT jct |
SE double track; JCT Portsmouth sub Seaboard line to Suffolk, Chesapeake City, Norfolk | |
Roanoke River |
A82.0 | Roanoke River trestle |
bridge | 2023.01.09 speed increased from 40mph to 79 passenger/60 freight; thoughts & prayers |
82.6 Roanoke |
A82.6 | Weldon | DD | defect detector, voice report on radio note 4 |
A83.3 | Weldon base W 10 St |
radio grade xing |
base station radio West 10th Street unsignaled crossing |
|
A84.34 | Green St | grade xing | NC1624/Trueblood Road grade crossing; north end Chantilly Road paceage in the dirt! | |
A84.6 | Coastal Lumber | industry | [DEAD] Coastal Lumber; crews call Weldon signal “Coastal” for this reason | |
A84.7 | Weldon (Coastal) | NEDT | NE double track note 1 | |
Roanoke |
A84.8 | Weldon runaround | jct | JCT Roanoke Rapids spur, Weldon yard hand-throw switches |
A86.0 | Roanoke Rapids spur | industry | south end Weldon spur, hand-throw switch | |
Track Track |
A86.5 | South Weldon | x-over | crossover 1-2 |
A87.3 | Reese's Store Rd | grade xing | Reese's Store Road; turn right here for northbound paceage, continue onto Chantilly Road | |
A88.9 | Halifax | SEDT | SE double track, for now; note 11 | |
A89.81 | NC903 | grade xing | Halifax Road grade crossing; access to northbound paceage | |
A91.3 | Pender | signal | intermediate signal, NC 561 historic: jct abandoned ACL to Parmele, Kinston |
|
93.8 |
A93.7 A93.8 |
Ruggles | signal DD |
intermediate signal defect detector as of 2023.07.09 |
A97.3 | Delmar | NEDT | NE double track; note 11 | |
Klausner |
A98.3 | Klausner Lumber | industry | Klausner Lumber Two |
A100.1 | North Enfield | signal | intermediate signal | |
A101.0 | Whitfield St | grade xing | NC481/Whitfield Street, main grade crossing in Enfield | |
A101.6 | Enfield | x-over | crossover | |
Halifax |
A102.4 A102.5 |
Halifax Fertilizer NC481 bypass |
industry grade xing |
Enfield Grain & Fertilizer industrial lead Fishing Creek Road |
Quality |
A102.9 A103.2 |
South Enfield Quality |
signal industry |
former Quality Forest Products south switch restored; just south of Dennis St |
A105.0 | Bricks NC1421 |
SEDT grade xing |
SE double track Watson Seed Farm/Moore Farm Road |
|
A105.9 | US301 | o.h.h. | Highway 301 overhead highway | |
A107.1 | Nash St | grade xing | Nash Street grade crossing 0.3 miles north of DD | |
107.6 |
A107.6 | Whitakers | DD | defect detector |
A108.3 | Whitakers | signal | intermediate signal; replaces both 107 and 109 signals | |
A110.69 | Bullock | NEDT | north end double track Note 8 | |
A111.51 | Battleboro Ave | grade xing | Battleboro Avenue grade crossing | |
A112.0 | Battle Morning Star Church Rd |
x-over o.h.h. |
NE double track, CCX siding Morning Star Church Road overhead highway |
|
A112.2 | CCX north | yard | north throat Carolina Connector intermodal facility Note 8 | |
CCX |
A113 | CCX south | yard | south throat Carolina Connector intermodal facility |
CCX |
A114.1 A114.5 A115.2 |
College Rd College Crossing Fountain School Rd |
grade xing signal grade xing |
NC1403/College Road [CLOSED] intermediate signal Instrument Drive/Fountain Park Drive |
A115.4 | Armstrong | x-overs | double crossovers placed in service 2015.11.14 08:00; south end CCX siding | |
Merita |
A117.0 | Merita Bakery Cool Spring Rd |
industry o.h.h. |
Merita Bakery, covered hoppers of grain; Cool Spring Road overhead highway above switch |
Draka |
A117.3 | Draka Elevator | industry | Draka Elevator world headquarters |
Track Track |
A117.5 | Tar River | signal | intermediate signal |
SePRO |
A117.6 | SePRO | industry | SePRO Distribution Center, formerly AAMOCO lead |
A118.7 | Grand Av | grade xing | East Grand Avenue, Rocky Mount | |
A119.6 | Rocky Mount | station | Amtrak station; house track displays historic rail car(s), sometimes used for storage | |
A119.77 A119.92 |
Raleigh Bl Bassett St |
o.h.h. grade xing |
NC97 overhead highway Bassett Street grade crossing |
|
house South End sub |
A119.9 | Charlie Baker | division point | END North End sub BEGIN South End sub |
SOUTH | Milepost | Name | Function | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
North End |
A86.0 | Weldon | jct | JCT North End sub BEGIN Roanoke Rapids spur |
Weldon |
A83.1 | Weldon yard | yard | Weldon yard switch, just 2 stub-end tracks, if that |
A82.58 A82.48 SA78.85 |
US158 west US158 east E 1 St |
grade xings | West 3rd Street, one way eastbound West 2nd Street, one way westbound East 1st Street, note SA prefix |
|
SA78.85 SA78.92 |
E 1 St W 1 St |
grade xings curve |
tight 3400 foot hairpin curve to go from compass northeast around to compass west towards Roanoke Rapids | |
cotton gin |
SA79.62 SA79.63 |
Ponderosa Rd cotton gin |
grade xing industry |
Ponderosa Road crossing cotton gin, was Howell Steel |
Roseburg |
SA80.0 SA80.09 SA80.25 |
Roseburg NC1737 NC1710 |
industry grade xing grade xing |
Roseburg Forest Products sawmill Power Place crossing Grace Drive crossing |
Flambeaux |
SA80.43 SA80.56 SA80.7 |
Flambeaux Fairgrounds Ln I-95 |
industry grade xing o.h.h. |
Flambeaux Air Mold plastics Fairgrounds Lane crossing I-95 overhead highway |
A.W.S. |
SA82.72 SA82.75 SA82.87 |
Hamilton St north leg Roanoke Rapids |
grade xing wye station |
Hamilton Street, Roanoke Rapids JCT north leg of Kraft wye [DEAD] passenger station now CSX office |
Kraft |
SAA83.1 SA83.12 SA83.20 |
Kraft wye south leg Franklin St |
wye yard grade xing |
apex of wye Note 5 crossover to yard Franklin Street crossing |
Roanoke |
SAA83.21 | Roanoke Rapids yard | yard | north throat Roanoke Rapids yard; coal, freight drayage |
SAA83.8 | Roanoke Rapids yard | yard | south throat Roanoke Rapids yard | |
mystery END OF TRACK |
SA84.8 SA84.9 |
mystery END OF TRACK |
industry | mystery industry, need info END OF TRACK; used to go to Norlina junction with S-line :-( |
Note 1: Weldon (Coastal) is the north end of the double track for meets between Weldon and Halifax. The lead into Weldon yard and ultimately the Roanoke Rapids spur diverges northbound immediately south of the NEDT switch off track #2 which amounts to the siding in this case.
The Roanoke Rapids spur was engineered in the Autumn of 1973 out of the southern remainder of what is now the Portsmouth subdivision, formerly of Seaboard heritage. The Seaboard line coming south used to cross the Roanoke River over a trestle that is in disrepair immediately to the east of the 1911 Atlantic Coast Line trestle still in use, then curve due west into Roanoke Rapids on its way to Norlina. Now the stub services Flambeau Air Mold and a paper mill. Aerial photographs reveal a spectacular hairpin curve to allow the yard job to swing from a northeasterly direction around to the west.
Back at the NEDT interlocking, Coastal Lumber [DEAD] on the west side of the tracks had a short lead into their yard and there appears to be a longer storage stub off track #2 on the east side. Operating crews often call the signal at Weldon "Coastal" after the lumber company right next to it.
Note 2: 2012.11.18 — A new turnout named BX was cut in to allow southbound Amtrak trains to connect to the NS Norfolk district for new service to Norfolk inaugurated 12 December, 2012. The first Amtrak train passed through it in the early afternoon of Monday, 26 November, 2012 on a run to Norfolk to train the operating crew.
Historically, BX tower was at the top of the hill between North Collier and Appomattox River bridge where the original main line headed down to downtown Petersburg. The old main line was pulled up decades ago, but an intermediate signal stood there until 2011 when work began on this new turnout.
Note 3: 2015.10.07 — The Emporia diamond has been removed, severing the NF&D line. In late 2013 Norfolk Southern filed notice to discontinue service on the NF&D west of Franklin, VA. They will still service the industry remaining on the line in Franklin, but the only customer west of Franklin was Lawrenceville Brick in Edgerton. They received only sporadic deliveries so the line west of Franklin will likely be abandoned and pulled up.
Note 4: 2014.02.09 — Railfan history: The A.C.L. passenger station for Weldon was actually located on the elevated platform that was attached to the south end of the trestle over the Roanoke River. Stairs behind the library led up to the platform. Weldon could boast a union station of sorts with the SAL tracks turning west at ground level under the trestle to head towards Roanoke Rapids and ultimately Norlina.
Note 5: 2014.02.13 — The wye in Roanoke Rapids winds north, then curves east into the Kraft paper mill plant where NC48/Roanoke Avenue/Gaston Road crosses the Roanoke River. American Waste Systems has a lead off the spur just south of West 5th Street, but it appears disused.
Note 6: 2015.11.25 — The Georgia–Pacific chip mill on the former Virginian Railway Jarratt District, known as the CSX Jarratt spur, has closed so this track is no longer used. It had been used to deliver coal to the plant.
Note 7: 2016.11.19 — Double-track between A30.1 Reams and A37.9 Carson has been cut in. The old Carson house track has been removed.
Note 8: 2020.07.22 — The Battleboro Industrial Track roadbed is being used to extend double track north from Battle toward Bricks. As a result, the Battleboro I.T. hand-throw switches have been removed at both ends with a new interlocking named Bullock cut in at A110.69 in anticipation of the Carolina Connector intermodal facility coming online. Berry Plastics had not seen rail service in years and the Cogentrix power plant is reported closed, but the switcher and some hoppers remain in the plant lead.
The CCX siding to the east of Main 2 is designated "OTMT" meaning "Other Than Main Track" with signals governing entry to the siding. The north and south leads into the intermodal facility diverge off this CCX siding.
2021.11.24 — The CCX was officially opened to traffic, just in time for the Christmas shipping season.
Note 9: 2020.05.02 — Historic: The ACL old main line diverged at Ellerslie Ave. to downtown Petersburg; in fact, aerial photos clealy show the wye that has since been encroached by a self storage business. After it was truncated the old main was known as the “Pocohontas Lead” before being taken up to make the bypass the main line.
Note 10: 2024.01.18 — First Response Rail Service opened a railcar and intermodal container repair facility at Hahn, VA mp A73.1 in the old Georgia-Pacific facility just south of Skippers on the VA/NC state line. It is protected by a dwarf signal so trains are allowed to tie up in the facility.
Note 11: 2022.02.05 — The trestle sub-structures are being rebuilt to re-lay the 10 miles of east main between Halifax and Delmar.
Note 12: 2023.03.15 — Atlantic Strategic Minerals bought the assets of Iluka Resources north of Stony Creek, VA and have re-installed the switch and industry tracks.
MP | Location | Remarks |
---|---|---|
A22.0 | Petersburg (Ettrick) | Amtrak, SEHSR |
A119.6 | Rocky Mount | Amtrak |
Track chart compiled from publicly available information (such as signs posted at grade crossings) and released under Creative Commons license: distribution permitted with proper attribution. This private site is not affiliated with CSX Transportation. Trademarks and artwork are presented under Fair Use provisions for historical reference and informational purposes only. Nothing herein is offered for sale or trade.